- Serialization
- Converting structured data into text or bytes that can be stored or transferred.
- YAML
- A human-oriented data format where indentation controls structure.
- TOML
- A configuration format based on keys, values, tables, and arrays.
- XML
- A tagged document format with elements, attributes, and strict nesting rules.
- Radix / base
- The number of digit symbols in a numeral system, such as base 2, 10, or 16.